Aging is both replicative and stress related.
Mitochondrial energetics is involved in the signaling that slows replication and repair related aging.
Telomerase and telomeres are markers of replicative aging directly and stress related aging indirectly. The telomeres are copied as mRNA and in mitochondria promote antioxidant production by the mitochondria (if adequate energy or ATP is present.)
Stress such as exercise, rapid growth or calorie restriction is an indirect antioxidant stimulator. Stress that promotes versus stress levels that signal deterioration and the quality of recovery determines the net effect of resilience building.
The heart rate variability index gives feedback to the direction of aging resilience.
Greater heart rate variabilty index is greater resilience. It correlates to bio markers of repair and regeneration such as BDNF, mitochondrial and organism ability to metabolize lipids and increase endurance exercise performance.
Increased heart rate variability is a network marker of stress levels that promote antioxidant capacity from stress levels that deteriorate and use up antioxidant capacity. Eg. Sepsis signals deterioration level stress 70 hours ahead of overwhelming neonatal sepsis. In effect there is no return to baseline or elevation of baseline after sleep or recovery interval of rest!
The neuro-endocrine-cardiac network is incrementally plastic. There are many lifestyle, dietary and supplement strategies to nudge the cell and the collective network of cells towards reversing or regenerating the changes of aging.
There is also evidence that genetically enhancing telomerase and lengthening telomeres in cells reverses aging changes inclusive of replicative and oxidative stress.
Therefore aging is binary; active and resting, stress and recovery in a balanced way.
If one promotes slow aging, one reduces reproductive capability.
If one promotes faster aging, one promotes reproductive capability.
What is missing in studies of lifestyle, diet and supplements that concluded the above is balance or circadian daily rhythm. Recovery and greater resilience is the response to lifestyle, diet or supplement stress or reduced stress.
I have previously discussed the indirect and direct antioxidants. Indirect is physical or nutritional stress that promotes increased cellular antioxidant capacity such as exercise or calorie restriction. Direct antioxidants are exemplified by melatonin during recovery or telomere mRNA effects of youth related growth and replication stress adaptation.
If direct and indirect are used simultaneously they weaken one another. If used sequentially they augment each other. In effect the signal to become more resilient to stress is followed by rest of metabolic stressors during sleep and recovery. The gain is not spent returning to the old baseline but growing beyond the baseline.
http://file.scirp.org/pdf/AAR_2016031710133706.pdf
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