The "nuclear receptors farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα) provide an intriguing, coordinated response to maintain energy balance in the liver" the metabolic control center.
They respectfully signal the fed and fasting state and every state in between like mixing cold and hot water. The average temperature can be shifted by the activity of "hot or cold" agonist.
Ursolic acid and sulforaphane are PPAR alpha agonist. They increase fatty acid oxidation and produces beta hydroxybutyrate.
The article highlights the acute hormone effects of insulin and glucagon and the chronic effects of FXR and PPAR alpha pathways in the fed and fasting state.
I believe these are analog and not digital states that degrade with oxidative stress just as oxidative stress is associated with insulin resistance syndrome. If true, then promoting autophagy and proteostasis maintains insulin sensitivity and robust energy AND repair required for cell quality control. Improved cell quality control is anti-aging and anti inflamaging!
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